In Matthew Chapter 5, we read the following passage, advocating for people to be forgiving and going the extra mile to maintain peace.
38 “You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.’ 39 But I tell you, do not resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also. 40 And if anyone wants to sue you and take your shirt, hand over your coat as well. 41 If anyone forces you to go one mile, go with them two miles. 42 Give to the one who asks you, and do not turn away from the one who wants to borrow from you. 43 “You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.’ 44 But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45 that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. 46 If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? 47 And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? 48 Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect.
The Quran also discusses this idea of responding with extreme kindness, even in the face of injustice.
41:33 Who can utter better words than one who invites to GOD, works righteousness, and says, “I am one of the submitters”?
Not equal is the good response and the bad response. You shall resort to the nicest possible response. Thus, the one who used to be your enemy, may become your best friend.
None can attain this except those who steadfastly persevere. None can attain this except those who are extremely fortunate.
But the Quran, being the final scripture, provides a more complete image of this ideology to cover all scenarios. Firstly, it confirms the concept of the eye for the eye while also putting the most extreme emphasis on the sacredness of life.
5:32 Because of this, we decreed for the Children of Israel that anyone who murders any person who had not committed murder or horrendous crimes, it shall be as if he murdered all the people. And anyone who spares a life it shall be as if he spared the lives of all the people. Our messengers went to them with clear proofs and revelations, but most of them, after all this, are still transgressing.
The Quran also specifies that there are times when one is allowed to not only stand up for themselves but is permitted to even take a life, despite the absolute sacredness of it.
5:33 The just retribution for those who wage war against GOD and His messenger while committing horrendous crimes, is to be killed, or crucified, or to have their hands and feet cut off on alternate sides, or to be banished from the land. This is to humiliate them in this life, then they suffer a far worse retribution in the Hereafter.
In another verse, it reiterates the need to be absolutely sure, before one strikes, that the individual is legitimately an enemy combatant.
4:94 O you who believe, if you strike in the cause of GOD, you shall be absolutely sure. Do not say to one who offers you peace, “You are not a believer,” seeking the spoils of this world. For GOD possesses infinite spoils. Remember that you used to be like them, and GOD blessed you. Therefore, you shall be absolutely sure (before you strike). GOD is fully Cognizant of everything you do.
When dealing with adversaries, it is mathematically demonstrated that with perfect information, the best strategy is Tit-for-Tat. This means that one starts by being nice and then reciprocating in kind to the opponent’s responses. Such that, if the opponent responds with kindness, then one would also respond in kindness, but if the opponent responds with hostility, then one would also respond in hostility. This is the ideal approach but only works with perfect information. The example of the Tit-for-Tat approach in the Quran can be seen in the following verses.
8:61 If they resort to peace, so shall you, and put your trust in GOD. He is the Hearer, the Omniscient.
4:90 Exempted are those who join people with whom you have signed a peace treaty, and those who come to you wishing not to fight you, nor fight their relatives. Had GOD willed, He could have permitted them to fight against you. Therefore, if they leave you alone, refrain from fighting you, and offer you peace, then GOD gives you no excuse to fight them.
4:91 You will find others who wish to make peace with you, and also with their people. However, as soon as war erupts, they fight against you. Unless these people leave you alone, offer you peace, and stop fighting you, you may fight them when you encounter them. Against these, we give you a clear authorization.
The reality is that we never have perfect information and may misunderstand people’s intentions and, more often than not, when dealing with opponents, view their actions as less favorable than they intended. Because of this, in reality, the best approach is to apply Tit-for-Tat, but err on the side of forgiveness and giving the opponent the benefit of the doubt that their actions were not meant to be hostile when it is justified.
This is echoed in the Quran. The following verses advocate for dialogue over violence. Then it states that one is justified to inflict an equivalent punishment to their adversary, but it is recommended to resort to patience.
16:125 You shall invite to the path of your Lord with wisdom and kind enlightenment and debate with them in the best possible manner. Your Lord knows best who has strayed from His path, and He knows best who are the guided ones.
16:126 And if you punish, you shall inflict an equivalent punishment. But if you resort to patience (instead of revenge), it would be better for the patient ones.
42:39 When gross injustice befalls them, they stand up for their rights.
42:40 Although the just requital for an injustice is an equivalent retribution, those who pardon and maintain righteousness are rewarded by GOD. He does not love the unjust.
42:41 Certainly, those who stand up for their rights, when injustice befalls them, are not committing any error.
42:42 The wrong ones are those who treat the people unjustly, and resort to aggression without provocation. These have incurred a painful retribution.
42:43 Resorting to patience and forgiveness reflects a true strength of character.
The end objective of the follower of the Quran is peace. Even the Arabic words Islam ( الْإِسْلَام) and Muslim ( الْمُسْلِمِينَ) come from the same Arabic root as the word for peace ( السَّلَمَ). This means that the word Islam can be understood to literally mean “The (religion of) Peace” while the meaning of the word Muslim is “a practitioner of peace.” Sometimes this can be achieved by simply stopping the cycle of violence and taking the higher road, while other times, it may require physical intervention. The Quran sets the rules and limits, and it is up to us how we choose to apply them.
47:35 Therefore, you shall not waver and surrender in pursuit of peace, for you are guaranteed victory, and GOD is with you. He will never waste your efforts.