"And appoint an assistant for me from my family.

Aaron was the brother of Moses, a prophet and messenger whom God sent with him to Pharaoh and his people in Egypt (19:53, 23:45-46). He was also sent to free and guide the Children of Israel. The Quran presents him as Moses' partner and helper, "more eloquent" than Moses, and gives the two of them the scripture together: "We gave Moses and Aaron the Statute Book, a beacon, and a reminder for the righteous" (21:48, 37:117). The Submitters Perspective newsletter uses this to show that Aaron fits the Quran's definition of a prophet. A prophet is one who receives a scripture, and Aaron received it along with Moses.
His mission began with Moses' prayer. When God called Moses and sent him to Pharaoh, Moses feared that his tongue would fail him and that he would be rejected. He asked, "appoint an assistant for me from my family. My brother Aaron. Strengthen me with him. Let him be my partner in this matter" (20:29-32, 26:12-13, 28:34). God granted the request and promised them "manifest authority," so that no one could touch them (20:36, 28:35). The two were afraid of Pharaoh, but God told them, "Do not be afraid, for I will be with you, listening and watching." He sent them to say, "We are two messengers from your Lord. Let the Children of Israel go," and to speak to Pharaoh gently, in case he took heed (20:42-47).
Pharaoh and his elders responded with arrogance. They called the signs magic and scorned the brothers as "two men whose people are our slaves" (10:75-78, 23:46-47). While the believers lived under persecution, God told Moses and Aaron to make their homes in Egypt into places of worship and to keep up the Contact Prayers (10:87). When Moses prayed against Pharaoh's wealth, God answered both brothers: "Your prayer has been answered (O Moses and Aaron), so be steadfast" (10:89). Pharaoh's people rejected the two and were destroyed, and God saved Moses, Aaron and their people "from the great disaster" (23:48, 37:115-116).
After the Exodus, Moses went to meet his Lord for forty nights and left Aaron in charge: "Stay here with my people, maintain righteousness, and do not follow the ways of the corruptors" (7:142). While he was gone, the Samarian made a golden calf from the people's jewelry, and they worshiped it (20:85-88). Aaron did not make the calf, and he did not stay quiet. He warned them, "this is a test for you. Your only Lord is the Most Gracious, so follow me, and obey my commands," but they refused to stop until Moses came back (20:90-91). Moses returned angry, threw down the tablets and grabbed his brother by the head and beard. Aaron explained that the people had taken advantage of his weakness and nearly killed him, and that he had not wanted to divide the Children of Israel (7:150, 20:92-94). Moses then prayed, "My Lord, forgive me and my brother, and admit us into Your mercy" (7:151). This account is quite different from the Bible's, where Aaron himself makes the calf (Exodus 32). In the Quran, Aaron stands for God alone.
Aaron's legacy continued after him. The relics left by "the people of Moses and the people of Aaron" were returned to the Israelites in the Ark of the Covenant (2:248). Mary was later addressed as "descendant of Aaron" (19:28). The Quran Talk blog notes that this fits her upbringing in the priestly line under Zachariah's guardianship.
The Quran draws its lessons from Aaron's story in a few places. God answers sincere prayer: He gave Moses a brother as a helper "out of our mercy" (19:53). God stays with His messengers, even when they face a tyrant. And the golden calf shows how easily people fall into idol worship, and why the Quran answers it at once with "Your only god is GOD; the One beside whom there is no other god" (20:98). Finally, God blessed both brothers, preserved their history, and said, "Peace be upon Moses and Aaron. We thus reward the righteous. Both of them were among our righteous servants" (37:119-122).
Verses
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"Also, my brother Aaron is more eloquent than I. Send him with me as a helper to confirm and strengthen me. I fear lest they disbelieve me."
He said, "We will strengthen you with your brother, and we will provide you both with manifest authority. Thus, they will not be able to touch either one of you. With our miracles, the two of you, together with those who follow you, will be the victors."
We summoned Moses for thirty* nights, and completed them by adding ten.* Thus, the audience with his Lord lasted forty* nights. Moses said to his brother Aaron, "Stay here with my people, maintain righteousness, and do not follow the ways of the corruptors."
*7:142 The manner in which these numbers are mentioned is significant. As detailed in Appendix 1, all the numbers mentioned in the Quran add up to 162146, 19x8534.
(Moses) said, "O Aaron, what is it that prevented you, when you saw them go astray,
"from following my orders? Have you rebelled against me?"
He said, "O son of my mother, do not pull me by my beard and my head. I was afraid that you might say, 'You have divided the Children of Israel, and disobeyed my orders.' "